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a middle-class family

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1 middle-class

middle-class

tr[mɪdəl'klɑːs]

adjective

1 de la clase media

middle-class

adj.

• burgués, -esa adj.

• de la clase media adj.

n.

• burguesía s.f.

• clase media s.f.

'mɪdḷ'klæs, ˌmɪdḷ'klɑːs
adjective <family/district> de clase media; < attitudes> burgués, convencional

['mɪdl'klɑːs]
ADJ de (la) clase media; (=bourgeois) burgués; middle 3.
* * *
['mɪdḷ'klæs, ˌmɪdḷ'klɑːs]
adjective <family/district> de clase media; < attitudes> burgués, convencional

English-spanish dictionary > middle-class
2 ♦ middle

♦ middle /ˈmɪdl/
A a. attr.

1 medio; intermedio; di livello medio; mezzano; di mezzo: the middle finger, il dito medio; il medio; the middle drawer, il cassetto centrale (o di mezzo); (anat.) the middle ear, l'orecchio medio; (org. az.) the middle management, i quadri intermedi ( di un'azienda)

2 (gramm., ling.) medio: Middle English, inglese medio (quello di G. Chaucer); a middle verb, un verbo medio

B n.

1 (al sing. con l'art. determ.) mezzo; metà; punto medio; centro: in the middle of the stage, nel mezzo del palcoscenico; We were in the middle of the lesson when the headmistress came in, eravamo a metà della lezione quando entrò la preside; DIALOGO → - Bereavement and time off work- I'd expect the funeral to be in the middle of next week sometime, suppongo che il funerale sia verso la metà della settimana prossima; ( sport) the middle of the track, il centro della pista

2 (fam.) vita; cintura; cintola: I was in water up to my middle, ero nell'acqua fino alla cintola

3 (gramm. greca) verbo medio

4 (polit.) centro; centrismo

5 (filos., = middle term) termine medio ( d'un sillogismo)

● middle age, mezza età □ (scherz.) middle-age spread, la pancetta ( della mezza età) □ a middle-aged man, un uomo di mezza età □ (stor.) the Middle Ages, il medioevo □ (geogr.) Middle America, l'America Centrale; il Midwest degli Stati Uniti; (fig., USA) l'americano medio ( portatore di valori tradizionali e tendenzialmente conservatore) □ ( pallavolo) middle back, difensore di centro □ ( pallavolo) middle blocker, uomo a muro centrale; centrale (sost.) □ (fin.) middle capitalization = mid-cap ► mid (1) □ middle class, ceto medio; media borghesia: the lower middle class, la piccola borghesia □ middle-class, del ceto medio; della media borghesia: a middle-class family, una famiglia borghese □ middle deck, (naut.) ponte intermedio; ( marina mil.) batteria □ middle distance, (pitt., fotogr.) secondo piano; ( sport) media distanza, mezzofondo: middle-distance race, gara di mezzofondo □ ( atletica) middle-distance runner, mezzofondista □ ( nuoto) middle-distance swimmer, mezzofondista □ (geogr.) the Middle East, il Medio Oriente □ Middle Eastern, mediorientale □ (GB, fam.) Middle England, l'inglese medio (spec. chi vive fuori Londra, è portatore di valori tradizionali ed è tendenzialmente conservatore) □ ( pallavolo) middle front, attaccante di centro; centrale (sost.) □ (fisc.) middle-income bracket, scaglione medio di aliquote □ middle initial, iniziale del secondo nome □ middle name, secondo nome ( di una persona); (fig.) caratteristica tipica ( di una persona): Jealousy is my middle name, gelosia è il mio secondo nome □ the middle of the road, il centro della strada □ middle-of-the road, di centro, moderato ( anche polit.); ordinario, comune □ (stor.) middle passage, viaggio fra l'Africa e le Indie Occidentali ( per il traffico degli schiavi) □ (comm., leg.) the middle people, gli intermediari □ middle school, (in GB) scuola media ( tra i 9 e i 14 anni d'età); ( anche) ultimo biennio della scuola dell'obbligo ( 15 e 16 anni) □ middle-sized, di misura (o taglia) media; di media statura □ middle-way economy, economia mista ( di Stato e privata) □ Middle West ► Midwest □ (fam.) to live in the middle of nowhere, abitare a casa del diavolo □ ( sport) to play in the middle, giocare al centro; essere un centrocampista □ (fig.) to take a middle course, prendere una via di mezzo NOTA D'USO: - scuola media-.
(to) middle /ˈmɪdl/
A v. t.

1 (tecn.) collocare nel centro (o nel mezzo)

2 ( sport) collocare ( il pallone) a centrocampo

3 ( sport) dare ( la palla) al centro: to middle the ball, crossare al centro; centrare

4 ( cricket) colpire ( la palla) con la parte centrale della mazza; colpire bene

B v. i.

( sport) effettuare una rimessa a centrocampo.

English-Italian dictionary > ♦ middle
3 Mittelstandsfamilie

f

middle-class family

Deutsch-Englisches Wörterbuch > Mittelstandsfamilie
4 bürgerlich

Adj.

1. auch JUR. civil, civic; (Zivil...) civilian; bürgerliches Recht civil law; bürgerliche Pflichten civil ( oder civic) duties; bürgerliche Rechte civic rights; bürgerliches Jahr JUR. civil year; bürgerliche Eheschließung civil marriage; bürgerlicher Tod JUR. civil death; im bürgerlichen Leben in civil ( oder civilian) life; Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch (abgek. BGB) (German) Civil Code

2. (Mittelstands...) middle-class, pej. bourgeois; die bürgerlichen Parteien POL. the non-socialist parties; sie stammt aus einer guten bürgerlichen Familie she comes from a good middle-class ( oder respectable) family; er führt ein sehr bürgerliches Leben he has ( oder leads) a very bourgeois lifestyle; bürgerliches Trauerspiel LIT. domestic tragedy

3. (nicht adelig) untitled

4. (einfach) plain, simple; bürgerliche Küche home cooking, good plain cooking ( oder food)

5. pej. (spießig) conventional, plebeian, philistine

* * *

bourgeois; civil; middle class; civilian

* * *
bụ̈r|ger|lich ['bʏrgɐlɪç]
1. adj

1) attr Ehe, Recht etc civil; Pflicht civic

Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch — Civil Code

2) (= dem Bürgerstand angehörend) middle-class (auch pej), bourgeois (esp pej); (HIST) bourgeois

aus guter bürgerlicher Familie — from a good respectable or middle-class family

bürgerliches Essen/Küche — good plain food/cooking

bürgerliches Trauerspiel (Liter) — domestic tragedy

2. adv

diese Stadt ist bürgerlich geprägt — this town is very middle-class

ein bürgerlich orientierter Politiker — a politician who aims for the middle-class vote

bürgerlich essen — to eat good plain food

* * *

(concerned with law cases which are not criminal.) civil

* * *

bür·ger·lich

[ˈbʏrgɐlɪç]

adj

1. attr (den Staatsbürger betreffend) civil

\bürgerliche Pflicht civic duty

2. (dem Bürgerstand angehörend) bourgeois pej

* * *
1.
Adjektiv

1) nicht präd. (staatsbürgerlich) civil <rights, marriage, etc.>; civic < duties>

das Bürgerliche Gesetzbuch — the [German] Civil Code

sein bürgerlicher Name — his real name

2) (dem Bürgertum zugehörig) middle-class

die bürgerliche Küche — good plain cooking; good home cooking

3) (Polit.) non-socialist; (nicht marxistisch) non-Marxist

4) (abwertend): (spießerhaft) bourgeois
2.
adverbial

1) <think, etc.> in a middle-class way

bürgerlich leben — live a middle-class life

gut bürgerlich essen — have a good plain meal; (gewohnheitsmäßig) eat good plain food

2) (abwertend): (spießerhaft) in a bourgeois way

* * *

bürgerlich adj

1. auch JUR civil, civic; (Zivil…) civilian;

bürgerliches Recht civil law;

bürgerliche Pflichten civil ( oder civic) duties;

bürgerliche Rechte civic rights;

bürgerliches Jahr JUR civil year;

bürgerliche Eheschließung civil marriage;

bürgerlicher Tod JUR civil death;

im bürgerlichen Leben in civil ( oder civilian) life;

Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch (abk BGB) (German) Civil Code

2. (Mittelstands…) middle-class, pej bourgeois;

die bürgerlichen Parteien POL the non-socialist parties;

sie stammt aus einer guten bürgerlichen Familie she comes from a good middle-class ( oder respectable) family;

er führt ein sehr bürgerliches Leben he has ( oder leads) a very bourgeois lifestyle;

bürgerliches Trauerspiel LIT domestic tragedy

3. (nicht adelig) untitled

4. (einfach) plain, simple;

bürgerliche Küche home cooking, good plain cooking ( oder food)

5. pej (spießig) conventional, plebeian, philistine

* * *
1.
Adjektiv

1) nicht präd. (staatsbürgerlich) civil <rights, marriage, etc.>; civic < duties>

das Bürgerliche Gesetzbuch — the [German] Civil Code

sein bürgerlicher Name — his real name

2) (dem Bürgertum zugehörig) middle-class

die bürgerliche Küche — good plain cooking; good home cooking

3) (Polit.) non-socialist; (nicht marxistisch) non-Marxist

4) (abwertend): (spießerhaft) bourgeois
2.
adverbial

1) <think, etc.> in a middle-class way

bürgerlich leben — live a middle-class life

gut bürgerlich essen — have a good plain meal; (gewohnheitsmäßig) eat good plain food

2) (abwertend): (spießerhaft) in a bourgeois way

Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > bürgerlich
5 clase

f.

1 class.

de primera clase first-class

de segunda clase second-class

clase alta/media upper/middle class

las clases dirigentes the ruling classes

clase obrera working class

clases pasivas = pensioners and people on benefit

clase preferente club class

clase social social class

clase trabajadora working class

clase turista tourist class

2 sort, kind (tipo).

no me gusta esa clase de bromas I don't like that kind of joke

toda clase de all sorts o kinds of

3 class (education) (asignatura, alumnos).

clases de manejar driving lessons (Am)

clases particulares private tuition

dar clases to teach; (en un colegio) to lecture (en una universidad)

hoy tengo clase I have to go to school today; (en colegio) I've got lectures today (en universidad)

clases de conducir driving lessons (peninsular Spanish)

clase de francés/inglés French/English class

clase magistral master class

* * *

clase

► nombre femenino

1 (grupo, categoría) class

2 (aula) classroom; (de universidad) lecture hall

3 (tipo) type, sort

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

asistir a clase to attend class

dar clase to teach

de buena clase good quality

de todas clases of all kinds, of all sorts

tener clase to have class

toda clase de all sorts of

clase alta upper class

clase baja lower class

clase de conducir driving lesson

clase dirigente ruling class

clase media middle class

clase obrera working class

clase particular private class, private lesson

clase preferente business class

clases de recuperación remedial classes

clases pasivas pensioners

primera clase first class

segunda clase second class

* * *

noun f.

1) class

2) sort, type

* * *

1. SF

1) (Escol)

a) (=lección) lesson, class

una clase de historia — a history lesson o class

clase de música — music lesson

clase de conducir — driving lesson

dar o Chile hacer clase(s) — [profesor] to teach; Esp [alumno] to have lessons

- fumarse o saltarse o soplarse la clase

b) (=instrucción) school

hoy no tengo clase — I don't have school today

los viernes salgo de clase a las cuatro — on Fridays I finish school at four

faltar a clase — to miss school, be absent

c) (=aula) classroom

d) (=grupo de alumnos) class

es el primero de la clase — he is top of the class

la gente de mi clase — my classmates, my class

compañero de clase — classmate

clase nocturna — evening class

clase particular — private lesson

doy clases particulares de francés — I teach private lessons in French

"se dan clases particulares" — "private tuition offered"

2) (Univ)

a) [práctica] (=lección, instrucción) class; (=aula) classroom

hoy no tengo clase — I don't have any classes today

dar o LAm frm dictar clase — [profesor] to teach; [alumno] Esp to have classes

b) (=lección) lecture

hoy no voy a clase — I'm not going to any lectures today, I'm not going to University today

• dar clase — [profesor] to teach, lecture; [alumno] to have lectures

doy clase de Derecho Civil — I teach civil law

c) (=aula) lecture room

clase magistral — master class

3) (=tipo) kind, sort

gente de todas clases — all kinds o sorts of people, people of all kinds

les deseo toda clase de felicidad — I wish you every happiness

con toda clase de detalles — in great detail, down to the last detail

4) (=calidad) quality

productos de primera clase — top-quality products

5) [en viajes] class

primera clase — first class

viajar en primera clase — to travel first class

segunda clase — second class, standard class

un billete de segunda clase — a second class ticket

clase económica — economy class

clase preferente — club class

clase turista — tourist class

6) (=elegancia) class

una persona con clase — someone with class

tener clase — to have class

tu hermana tiene mucha clase — your sister has a lot of class, your sister's very classy

7) (Sociol) class

la lucha de clases — the class struggle

las clases acomodadas — the well-to-do, the moneyed classes

la clase dirigente o dominante — the ruling class

la clase médica — the medical profession

la clase política — politicians pl, the political establishment Sociol

las clases privilegiadas — the privileged classes

clase alta — upper class

una joven de clase alta — an upper-class girl

clase baja — lower class

un chico de clase baja — a lower-class boy

clase media — middle class

una familia de clase media — a middle-class family

clase media-alta — upper-middle class

clase media-baja — lower-middle class

clase obrera — working class

la mentalidad de la clase obrera — the working-class mentality

clase social — social class

8) (Bio, Bot) class

9) (Mil)

clases de tropa — non-commissioned officers

2.

ADJ And * first-rate, classy *

* * *

femenino

1)

a) ( tipo) kind, sort, type

b) ( categoría)

productos de primera clase — top-quality products

2) (Transp) class

viajar en primera/segunda clase — to travel (in) first/second class

- clase económica or turista

- clase ejecutiva or preferente

3) (Sociol) class

la clase política — politicians

- clase alta/baja/media

- clase dirigente or dominante

- clase obrera or trabajadora

- clases pasivas

4) (distinción, elegancia) class

tiene clase — she has class

5) (Educ)

a) ( lección) class

ha faltado a clase diez veces — he's missed ten classes

clases de conducir or manejar — driving lessons

dictar clase (de algo) — (AmL frml) to lecture (in something)

dar clase or (Chi) hacer clases (de algo) — profesor ( en colegio) to teach (something); ( en universidad) to lecture (something), teach (something)

¿quién te da clase de latín? — who takes you for Latin?

da clases de latín/piano con un profesor privado — (Esp) she has latin classes/piano lessons with a private tutor

b) ( grupo de alumnos) class

es el primero de la clase — he's top of the class

un compañero de clase — a classmate, a school friend

c) ( aula - en escuela) classroom; (- en universidad) lecture hall o room

- clase magistral

- clase particular

6) (Bot, Zool) class

* * *

femenino

1)

a) ( tipo) kind, sort, type

b) ( categoría)

productos de primera clase — top-quality products

2) (Transp) class

viajar en primera/segunda clase — to travel (in) first/second class

- clase económica or turista

- clase ejecutiva or preferente

3) (Sociol) class

la clase política — politicians

- clase alta/baja/media

- clase dirigente or dominante

- clase obrera or trabajadora

- clases pasivas

4) (distinción, elegancia) class

tiene clase — she has class

5) (Educ)

a) ( lección) class

ha faltado a clase diez veces — he's missed ten classes

clases de conducir or manejar — driving lessons

dictar clase (de algo) — (AmL frml) to lecture (in something)

dar clase or (Chi) hacer clases (de algo) — profesor ( en colegio) to teach (something); ( en universidad) to lecture (something), teach (something)

¿quién te da clase de latín? — who takes you for Latin?

da clases de latín/piano con un profesor privado — (Esp) she has latin classes/piano lessons with a private tutor

b) ( grupo de alumnos) class

es el primero de la clase — he's top of the class

un compañero de clase — a classmate, a school friend

c) ( aula - en escuela) classroom; (- en universidad) lecture hall o room

- clase magistral

- clase particular

6) (Bot, Zool) class

* * *

clase¹

¹ = class, class, cluster, kind, nature, schedules, the, sort, type, schedule, table, ilk, class standing.

Ex: The following highlights are what this first class of Fellows recall of their time overseas.

Ex: A class is a set of things which share some property, or characteristic, in common.

Ex: Various other methods of obtaining clusters have been described, including the use of fuzzy sets, but these are beyond the scope of this book.

Ex: Document descriptions may be drafted for a wide variety of different kinds of library material, but some common principles can be established.

Ex: Since all of the headings are alphabetical words, it is possible to interfile entries regardless of the nature of their heading.

Ex: The list of terms, representing concepts systematically arranged and showing their relationships, constitutes the schedules of a classification scheme.

Ex: Thoughts of this sort kept running about like clockwork mice in his head, while the murmur of chatter filled the room and outside dusk had yielded to black night.

Ex: There are a number of types of abstracts or labels that can be applied to abstracts.

Ex: We have now established all the information that we need to enable us to construct a schedule, or table, in a given subject area.

Ex: We have now established all the information that we need to enable us to construct a schedule, or table, in a given subject area.

Ex: Perhaps she would be well advised to read that book and others of its ilk to see if she could learn something about surviving in the corporate world.

Ex: Social distance, the aloofness and unapproachability of persons of different social strata, is both a symbol of class standing.

* análisis multidimensional de clases = multidimensional cluster analysis.

* área de datos específicos de la clase de documento = material (or type of publication) specific details area.

* clase acomodada = nob.

* clase alta = upper class.

* clase anterior = anterior numeral class.

* clase baja = lower class, the.

* clase business = business class.

* clase capitalista = capitalist class.

* clase fénix = Phoenix schedule.

* clase general = containing class.

* clase gobernante, la = ruling class, the, ruling elite, the.

* clase intelectual = intellectual class.

* clase marginada = underclass.

* clase media = middle class.

* clase media alta = upper-middle class.

* clase obrera = working class.

* clase política = political class.

* clase principal = main class.

* clases altas, las = upper circles, the.

* clases auxiliares = auxiliaries.

* clases inferiores, las = lower orders, the.

* clase social = social class.

* clase superior = brahmin.

* clase trabajadora = working class, labouring class.

* clase turista = economy class.

* con toda clase de comodidades = with all mods and cons.

* con toda clase de lujos = with all mods and cons.

* correo de primera clase = first class post.

* cultura de la clase alta = high culture.

* cultura de la clase baja = low culture.

* cultura de la clase media = middlebrow culture.

* de primera clase = first class, first-rate, tip-top.

* de segunda clase = second-rate.

* designación específica de la clase de documento = specific material designation.

* designación general de la clase de documento = general material designation.

* de una clase social superior = above + Posesivo + class.

* dimensión de clase = class dimension.

* fuera de clase = out-of-class.

* identidad clase-tipo = type-token identity.

* lucha de clases = class warfare.

* modelo en su clase = showpiece.

* notación de clase = class notation.

* política de clases = class politics.

* prejuicio de clases = class prejudice.

* relación clase-tipo = type-token ratio.

* sin clases sociales = classless.

* sistema de clases sociales = class system.

* subdivisión dentro de una clase = link, step of division.

* toda clase de = all sorts of.

* una clase de = a kind of.

clase²

² = classroom, class.

Ex: Teaching is done through lectures, seminars, tutorials and practical work both in the classroom and the library.

Ex: The students in these classes were asked to record their library science periodical usage for one week = En estas clases se les pidió a los estudiantes que mantuvieran un registro del uso que hacían de las publicaciones periódicas de biblioteconomía y documentación durante una semana.

* delegado de clase = class prefect, class representative.

clase³

³ = lesson, session, course unit, teaching session, lecture.

Ex: There were lessons in this story which appear to have been ignored but remain valid for the future.

Ex: But more mature readers can be expected to go on reading for full sessions without flagging, a point that most children should reach by ten years old.

Ex: This paper discusses the library education programme in the 1st library school in Nigeria to offer the course unit system as operated in the USA.

Ex: In teaching session after teaching session, day after day, school tasks are administered through textbooks, instruction manuals, reference works, etc -- tomes teeming with problems for the pupils to solve.

Ex: The staff undertake searches and enquiries for the user and educate the user by various ways, from informal discussion to fully prepared lectures.

* anterior a la clase = preclass.

* apuntes de clase = lecture notes, class notes.

* asistir a una clase = attend + class.

* aula de clase = teaching room.

* clase de educación de adultos = adult learning class, adult learner class.

* clase de educación especial = special education class.

* clase de educación física = physical education class.

* clase de gimnasia = gym class.

* clase de historia = history lesson.

* clase de prácticas = practical.

* clase de primaria = infant class.

* clase de redacción = composition class.

* clase didáctica = didactic lecture.

* clase magistral = lecture class.

* clase nocturna = evening class.

* clases de apoyo = remedial teaching.

* clases de guitarra = guitar tuition.

* clase virtual = e-lesson.

* compañero de clase = classmate.

* curso de clases magistrales = lecture course.

* curso mixto de clases y práctica en la empresa = sandwich course.

* dar clase = give + a lesson, teach + class, teach + lesson, hold + class.

* ejercicios de clase = school tasks.

* en el aula de clase = classroom-based.

* faltar a clase = play + hooky, skip + class, play + truant, bunk off, bunk + classes, skive, bunk + school.

* faltar a una clase = miss + class, cut + class.

* fugarse una clase = skip + class.

* hora de clase = class period.

* horario de clase = class time, class schedule.

* horas de clase = class time, school hours.

* impartir clases = lecture.

* lectura en clase = class reading.

* lectura recomendada de clase = classroom reading.

* material didáctico entregado en clase = class handout.

* perderse una clase = miss + class.

* preparar un trabajo de clase = research + paper.

* programa mixto de clases y práctica en la empresa = sandwich programme.

* saltarse una clase = skip + class, miss + class, cut + class.

* trabajo de clase = term paper, coursework [course work], term project, essay assignment, class assignment, course assignment, homework, student assignment, written assignment.

* trabajos de clase = classroom asignment.

* * *

clase¹

feminine

A

1 (tipo) kind, sort, type

sin ninguna clase de explicaciones with no explanation of any kind, without any kind of explanation

te deseo toda clase de felicidad I wish you every happiness

2

(categoría): productos de primera clase top-quality products

B ( Transp) class

viajar en primera/segunda clase to travel (in) first/second class

Compuestos:

● clase económica

economy o tourist class

● clase ejecutiva or preferente

business class

● clase turista

clase económica

C ( Sociol) class

gente de todas las clases sociales people of all (social) classes

la clase política politicians

Compuestos:

● clase alta

upper class

● clase baja

lower class

● clase dirigente

ruling class

● clase media

middle class

● clase media alta/media baja

upper-middle/lower-middle class

● clase obrera

working class

● clases pasivas

fpl:

las clases pasivas people receiving state pensions

● clase trabajadora

working class

D (distinción, elegancia) class

tiene mucha clase she has a lot of class, she's very classy ( colloq)

E ( Educ)

1 (lección) class

este año ha faltado a clase diez veces this year he's missed ten classes

la clase que más me gusta es la de historia my favorite class o ( BrE) lesson is history

se porta muy mal en clase she behaves very badly in class

¿a qué hora sales de clase? what time do you get out of class ( o school etc)?

los centros en los que se imparten las clases ( frml); the centers where classes are held

clases de conducir or manejar driving lessons

dicta clase de filosofía ( AmL); she teaches philosophy, she gives philosophy classes

dar clase «profesor» (en el colegio) to teach; (en la universidad) to lecture, teach;

«alumno» ( Esp) to have classes

da clases particulares he gives private classes, he teaches privately

¿quién te da clase de latín? who do you have for o who takes you for Latin?

da clases de matemáticas en la Universidad she lectures in o teaches mathematics at the University

dio la clase de mi parte he gave o took the class for me

doy clases de música con un profesor particular ( Esp); I have music lessons with a private teacher

hace clases de piano en el conservatorio ( Chi); he teaches piano at the conservatory

2 (grupo de alumnos) class

invitó a toda la clase a la fiesta she invited the whole class to the party

es el primero de la clase he's top of the class, he's the best in the class

un compañero de clase a classmate, a school friend

3 (aula — en una escuela) classroom; (— en una universidad) lecture hall o room, lecture auditorium ( AmE), lecture theatre ( BrE)

¿en qué clase es la conferencia? which room is the lecture in?

Compuestos:

● clase magistral

master class

● clase nocturna

evening class

● clase particular

private class o lesson

F ( Bot, Zool) class

clase²

masculine

( Mil) ≈ NCO, ≈ noncommissioned officer

* * *

clase sustantivo femenino
1 ( tipo) kind, sort, type;
◊ distintas clases de arroz different kinds of rice

2 (Transp, Sociol) class;
◊ viajar en segunda clase to travel (in) second class;

clase económica or turista economy o tourist class;
clase ejecutiva or preferente business class;
clase alta/baja/media upper/lower/middle class;
clase dirigente or dominante ruling class;
clase obrera working class
3
a) (distinción, elegancia) class;

◊ tiene clase she has class

b) ( categoría):

◊ productos de primera clase top-quality products

4 (Educ)
a) ( lección) class;

clases de conducir or manejar driving lessons;
dictar clase (de algo) (AmL frml) to lecture (in sth);
dar clase or (Chi) hacer clases (de algo) [ profesor] to teach (sth);
◊ da clases de piano (Esp) she has piano lessons;

clase particular private class o lesson
b) ( grupo de alumnos) class

c) ( aula — en escuela) classroom;

(— en universidad) lecture hall o room
clase sustantivo femenino
1 (género, tipo) kind, sort: tienen toda clase de instrumentos musicales, they have all kinds of musical instruments
2 (categoría) class
viajar en primera/ segunda clase, to travel first/second class
un jamón de primera clase, a top-quality ham
3 (grupo social) class
clase alta/media, upper/middle class
clases pasivas, pensioners
4 Educ (aula) classroom
(grupo de estudiantes) class
(lección) lesson, class
5 (elegancia, estilo) class
' clase' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
amiga
- amigo
- baja
- bajo
- colegio
- compartimento
- compartimiento
- curso
- dar
- dirigente
- entre
- especie
- fichada
- fichado
- fumarse
- género
- guión
- honda
- índole
- media
- medio
- mejor
- naturaleza
- permitirse
- pueblo
- repelente
- suerte
- tema
- tipo
- adelante
- apuntar
- asistir
- atrás
- burgués
- burguesía
- capar
- capear
- cierto
- compañero
- dibujo
- dictar
- dormir
- espabilado
- faltar
- formar
- listo
- numeroso
- obrero
- orden
- parejo
English:
artwork
- background
- blue-collar
- board
- brand
- breed
- charge off
- class
- classmate
- classroom
- classy
- conclude
- description
- discipline
- diverse
- dunce
- economy class
- first-class
- form
- grade
- gym
- heterogeneous
- institution
- kind
- lance corporal
- lecture
- lesson
- lower-class
- manner
- method
- middle-class
- nature
- order
- period
- posh
- remedial
- riding lesson
- second-class
- session
- shade
- Sloane Ranger
- sort
- start off
- stay behind
- stream
- take
- tourist class
- type
- upper class
- variety

* * *

clase nf

1. [grupo, categoría] class;

de primera clase first-class;

de segunda clase second-class;

una mercancía de primera clase a first-class o top-class product

2. [en medio de transporte] class;

primera/segunda clase first/second class;

viajar en primera/segunda clase to travel first/second class

Comp
clase económica economy class;
clase ejecutiva business class;

clase preferente business o club class;
Andes clase salón [en tren] first class;
clase turista tourist class

3. [grupo social, profesional, institucional] class;

la clase médica the medical profession;

la clase política the political class, politicians

Comp
clase alta upper class;
clase baja lower class;

la clase dirigente the ruling class;

clase media middle class;

clase media alta upper middle class;

clase media baja lower middle class;

clase obrera working class;

clase ociosa the idle classes;

clases pasivas = pensioners and people on benefit;

clase social social class;

clase trabajadora working class

4. [tipo] sort, kind;

no me gusta esa clase de bromas I don't like that kind of joke;

toda clase de all sorts o kinds of;

os deseamos toda clase de felicidad we wish you every happiness;

de toda clase of all sorts o kinds;

sin ninguna clase de dudas without a (shadow of a) doubt

5. Zool class

6. Ling class

7. [asignatura, lección] [en colegio] class;
[en universidad] lecture;
una clase de historia a history class/lecture;

iremos al cine después de clase [en colegio] we're going to the cinema after school;
[en universidad] we're going to the cinema after class;
me voy a clase, nos veremos luego I'm going to my lecture, see you later;

el profesor no le puede recibir ahora, está en clase the teacher can't see you now, he's teaching o he's giving a class;

dar clases [en colegio] to teach;
[en universidad] to lecture;
da clases de español a un grupo de franceses she teaches Spanish to a group of French people;

doy clase con el Sr. Vega Mr Vega is my teacher;

faltar a clase to miss school;

faltó una semana a clase por enfermedad she was off school for a week because she was ill;

hoy tengo clase [en colegio] I have to go to school today;
[en universidad] I've got lectures today
Comp
Esp clases de conducir driving lessons;
clase magistral lecture;
Am clases de manejar driving lessons;
clase nocturna evening class;

clases particulares private tuition;

clases de recuperación = extra lessons for pupils who have failed their exams

8. [alumnos] class;

me encontré a una compañera de clase I met a classmate

9. [aula] [en colegio] classroom;
[en universidad] lecture room o hall
10. [estilo]
tener clase to have class;

una mujer con mucha clase a very classy woman;

con ese gol demostró su clase he showed his class with that goal

* * *

clase

f

1 EDU class;

dar clase(s) teach

2 ( variedad) kind, sort

3 social class;

la clase obrera the working class

4

:

tener clase have class;

una mujer con clase a classy woman

* * *

clase nf

1) : class

2) índole, tipo: sort, kind, type

* * *

clase n

1. (en general) class [pl. classes]

una clase de 25 alumnos a class of 25 pupils

la clase obrera the working class

viajar en primera clase to travel first class

2. (lección) class / lesson

¿a qué hora empieza la clase? what time does the class begin?

tengo clase de inglés I've got an English lesson

da clases de historia he teaches history

3. (tipo) kind

hay muchas clases de flores there are many kinds of flowers

4. (aula) classroom

hace frío en esta clase it's cold in this classroom

clase particular private class

Spanish-English dictionary > clase
6 borghese

1. adj middle-class

in borghese in civilian clothes

poliziotto m in borghese plainclothes policeman

2. m f middle-class person

piccolo borghese petty bourgeois, lower middle-class person

* * *

borghese agg.

1 bourgeois; middle-class (attr.), middle class (pred.): morale borghese, bourgeois morals; mentalità borghese, middle-class mentality

2 ( civile) civilian: abito borghese, civilian dress // (mil.) in borghese, in civilian dress (o in mufti): poliziotto in borghese, plainclothes detective (o policeman); mettersi in borghese, to change into civilian dress (o to put on mufti)

◆ s.m. e f. middle-class person; (spreg.) bourgeois: piccolo borghese, lower middle-class person (o spreg. petty bourgeois).

* * *
[bor'ɡese]
1. agg

1) (gen) middle-class, pegg bourgeois

una famiglia borghese — a middle-class family

2)

essere in (abito) borghese — to be in civilian clothes o in civvies

poliziotto in borghese — plainclothes policeman

2. sm/f

(vedi agg), middle-class person; bourgeois

piccolo borghese pegg — petty bourgeois

* * *
[bor'gese, bor'geze] 1.
aggettivo

1) (della borghesia) [società, ideologia] bourgeois; [ morale] middle-class

essere di estrazione borghese — to be from a middle-class background

2) (signorile) [quartiere, casa] bourgeois

3) (civile)

in borghese — [ soldato] in civilian clothes, in civvies colloq.; [ poliziotto] in plain clothes
2.
sostantivo maschile e sostantivo femminile bourgeois*

piccolo borghese — petit bourgeois

* * *

borghese

/bor'gese, bor'geze/

I aggettivo

1 (della borghesia) [società, ideologia] bourgeois; [ morale] middle-class; essere di estrazione borghese to be from a middle-class background

2 (signorile) [quartiere, casa] bourgeois

3 (civile) in borghese [ soldato] in civilian clothes, in civvies colloq.; [ poliziotto] in plain clothes

II m. e f.

bourgeois*; piccolo borghese petit bourgeois.

Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > borghese
7 lower

lower [ˈləʊə^r]

comparative of low

1. adjective

inférieur (- eure f)

• the lower half of the body le bas du corps

• the lower shelf l'étagère f du bas

2. transitive verb

a. [+ blind, window] baisser ; [+ sail, flag] amener ; [+ lifeboat] mettre à la mer

• to lower sth on a rope descendre qch au bout d'une corde

b. [+ pressure, heating, price, voice] baisser

• to lower sb's morale démoraliser qn

• lower your voice! parle moins fort !

• he lowered his voice to a whisper il s'est mis à chuchoter

• to lower o.s. to do sth s'abaisser à faire qch

3. compounds

► the lower back noun le bas du dos

► lower-case adjective en bas de casse

► lower class noun classe f populaire

• lower-class family famille f ouvrière ► lower deck noun [of bus] étage m inférieur ; [of ship] pont m inférieur

► the Lower House noun (Parliament) la Chambre basse

► lower-income adjective [group, family] économiquement faible

► lower lip noun lèvre f inférieure

► lower middle class noun classe f moyenne

• a lower middle-class family une famille de la classe moyenne ► lower sixth noun (British) ≈ classe f de première

* * *
I 1. ['laʊə(r)]
intransitive verb littér ( frown) prendre un air comminatoire (at avec)
2.
lowering present participle adjective [sky] menaçant
II 1. ['ləʊə(r)]
adjective (comparative of low) inférieur

in the lower back — au bas du dos
2.
transitive verb

1) ( bring down) baisser [barrier, curtain, flag]; abaisser [ceiling]

to lower somebody/something — ( let down) descendre quelqu'un/quelque chose ( into dans; onto sur)

2) ( reduce) baisser [light, prices, standards]; réduire [pressure, temperature]; diminuer [resistance]; abaisser [age limit]

to lower one's voice — baisser la voix

to lower one's guard — fig relâcher sa vigilance

3) ( abolish) abolir [trade barrier]

4) Nautical affaler [sail]; mettre [quelque chose] à la mer [lifeboat]
3.
reflexive verb

to lower oneself

1) ( demean oneself) s'abaisser

2) ( sit carefully)

to lower oneself into — entrer lentement dans [bath]; s'asseoir précautionneusement dans [chair]

English-French dictionary > lower
8 lower

verb

1) (to make or become less high: She lowered her voice.) bajar

2) (to let down: He lowered the blinds.) bajar

lower vb bajar

they've lowered prices again han vuelto a bajar los precios

she lowered her voice bajó la voz

lower

tr['ləʊə^SMALLr/SMALL]

adjective

1 inferior

transitive verb

1 (in general) bajar; (price) rebajar

2 (flag) arriar

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

to lower oneself rebajarse

lower case caja baja, minúscula

lower class clase nombre femenino baja

Lower House Cámara Baja

lower ['lo:ər] vt

1) drop: bajar

to lower one's voice: bajar la voz

2) : arriar, bajar

to lower the flag: arriar la bandera

3) reduce: reducir, bajar

4)

to lower oneself : rebajarse

lower ['lo:ər] adj

: inferior, más bajo, de abajo

lower

adj.

• bajero, -a adj.

• inferior adj.

• más bajo adj.

adv.

• menos adv.

n.

• ceño s.m.

• inferior s.m.

v.

• abaratar v.

• abatir v.

• agachar v.

• amainar v.

• arriar v.

• bajar v.

• rebajar v.

I 'ləʊər, 'ləʊə(r)
adjective

1) comp of low I,II

2) (before n)

a) (spatially, numerically) <jaw/lip> inferior

lower age limit — edad f mínima

b) (in rank, importance) <rank/echelons> inferior, más bajo

the lower chamber/Lower House — la cámara baja

c) <mammals/apes/life-forms> inferior

3) ( Geog) bajo

the lower reaches of the Nile — el curso bajo del Nilo

lower Manhattan — el sur de Manhattan

II
1. 'ləʊər, 'ləʊə(r)
transitive verb

1) ( let down) \<\<blind/ceiling\>\> bajar; \<\<flag/sail\>\> bajar, arriar*

to lower the lifeboats — echar al agua los botes salvavidas

he lowered himself into his chair — se sentó en el sillón

to lower one's eyes — bajar la vista or los ojos

2) (reduce, diminish) \<\<temperature/volume/price\>\> bajar

lower your voice — baja la voz

to lower somebody's morale — bajarle la moral a alguien, desmoralizar* a alguien

it lowered his resistance to disease — le minó or le disminuyó las defensas

2.

v refl

to lower oneself — rebajarse

3.

vi \<\<prices/standards/temperature\>\> bajar

III 'laʊr, 'laʊə(r)
intransitive verb (liter)

a) ( darken) \<\<sky\>\> encapotarse

b) ( frown) fruncir* el ceño

c) lowering pres p < sky> encapotado; <expression/look> ceñudo

I ['lǝʊǝ(r)]
1. ADJ
low
1) (=bottom) [part, section, floors, windows] de abajo, inferior; [slopes] inferior, bajo

the lower of the two — el de más abajo de los dos

• the lower bunk — la litera de abajo

• the lower left corner — la esquina inferior izquierda

• the lower half/ part of — la mitad/parte inferior de, la mitad/parte de abajo de

2) (=less important) [level, rank, caste] inferior

• the lower chamber — (Parl) la cámara baja

• the lower court — (Jur) los tribunales inferiores

• the lower middle class(es) — la clase media baja

a lower middle-class family — una familia de clase media baja

• soldiers in the lower ranks — soldados mpl de menor rango or de rango inferior

• the lower school — el segundo ciclo

3) (Anat) inferior

• the lower abdomen/ back — la parte inferior del abdomen/de la espalda

• she suffered severe cuts on her lower leg — sufrió cortes de gravedad en la parte inferior de la pierna

• the lower limbs — los miembros inferiores

4) (Zool) inferior

5) (Geog) (in names)

Lower Egypt — el Bajo Egipto

the Lower Rhine — el Bajo Rin

lower Manhattan — el sur de Manhattan
reach 3., 2)
2.

VT (gen) bajar; [+ boat] echar al agua; [+ flag, sail] arriar; (=reduce) [+ price] bajar, rebajar

to lower o.s. — (fig) rebajarse

I wouldn't lower myself to do such a thing — no me rebajaría a hacer algo así

• to lower one's guard — bajar la guardia

• to lower one's headlights — (US) poner las luces de cruce

• to lower one's voice — bajar la voz

3.

VI bajar

4.

CPD

lower case N — (Typ) minúsculas fpl

in lower case — en minúsculas
lower-case
lower class N —

the lower class or classes — la clase baja
lower-class
lower deck N — [of bus] piso m de abajo; (Naut) (=part of ship) cubierta f inferior

the lower deck * — (=personnel) los marineros

the Lower House N — (Parl) la Cámara Baja

lower jaw N — mandíbula f inferior

lower lip N — labio m inferior

lower sixth N — (Brit) ≈ 1º de Bachillerato f

he's in the lower sixth — está en 1º de Bachillerato

lower vertebrates NPL — vertebrados mpl inferiores

II

['laʊǝ(r)]
VI [person] fruncir el entrecejo, fruncir el ceño; [sky] encapotarse
* * *

I ['ləʊər, 'ləʊə(r)]
adjective

1) comp of low I,II

2) (before n)

a) (spatially, numerically) <jaw/lip> inferior

lower age limit — edad f mínima

b) (in rank, importance) <rank/echelons> inferior, más bajo

the lower chamber/Lower House — la cámara baja

c) <mammals/apes/life-forms> inferior

3) ( Geog) bajo

the lower reaches of the Nile — el curso bajo del Nilo

lower Manhattan — el sur de Manhattan

II
1. ['ləʊər, 'ləʊə(r)]
transitive verb

1) ( let down) \<\<blind/ceiling\>\> bajar; \<\<flag/sail\>\> bajar, arriar*

to lower the lifeboats — echar al agua los botes salvavidas

he lowered himself into his chair — se sentó en el sillón

to lower one's eyes — bajar la vista or los ojos

2) (reduce, diminish) \<\<temperature/volume/price\>\> bajar

lower your voice — baja la voz

to lower somebody's morale — bajarle la moral a alguien, desmoralizar* a alguien

it lowered his resistance to disease — le minó or le disminuyó las defensas

2.

v refl

to lower oneself — rebajarse

3.

vi \<\<prices/standards/temperature\>\> bajar

III ['laʊr, 'laʊə(r)]
intransitive verb (liter)

a) ( darken) \<\<sky\>\> encapotarse

b) ( frown) fruncir* el ceño

c) lowering pres p < sky> encapotado; <expression/look> ceñudo

English-spanish dictionary > lower
9 borghese

[bor'ɡese]
1. agg

1) (gen) middle-class, pegg bourgeois

una famiglia borghese — a middle-class family

2)

essere in (abito) borghese — to be in civilian clothes o in civvies

poliziotto in borghese — plainclothes policeman

2. sm/f

(vedi agg), middle-class person; bourgeois

piccolo borghese pegg — petty bourgeois

Nuovo dizionario Italiano-Inglese > borghese
10 abrir puertas

(v.) = open + avenues, open + doors

Ex. Every librarian, regardless of his government's policy, has the opportunity, if he has the courage, to open the avenues of books and ideas a little wider.

Ex. To be born into a middle class family opens wide many educational and occupational doors which are scarcely ajar to others.

* * *

(v.) = open + avenues, open + doors

Ex: Every librarian, regardless of his government's policy, has the opportunity, if he has the courage, to open the avenues of books and ideas a little wider.

Ex: To be born into a middle class family opens wide many educational and occupational doors which are scarcely ajar to others.

Spanish-English dictionary > abrir puertas
11 entornado

adj.

half-closed.

past part.

past participle of spanish verb: entornar.

* * *

entornado

► participio pasado

1→ link=entornar entornar

► adjetivo

1 (ojos etc) half-closed; (puerta) ajar

* * *

ADJ [ojos] half-closed; [puerta] ajar

* * *

- da adjetivo < puerta> ajar, half-open; < ventana> slightly open; < ojos> half-closed

* * *

= ajar.

Ex. To be born into a middle class family opens wide many educational and occupational doors which are scarcely ajar to others.

* * *

- da adjetivo < puerta> ajar, half-open; < ventana> slightly open; < ojos> half-closed

* * *

= ajar.

Ex: To be born into a middle class family opens wide many educational and occupational doors which are scarcely ajar to others.

* * *

entornado -da

adjective

‹puerta› ajar, half-open; ‹ventana› slightly open

con los ojos entornados with half-closed eyes

* * *

Del verbo entornar: ( conjugate entornar)

entornado es:

el participio

Multiple Entries:
entornado
entornar
entornado
◊ -da adjetivo ‹ puerta› ajar, half-open;

‹ ventana› slightly open;
‹ ojos› half-closed
entornado,-a adjetivo half-closed
(puerta, ventana) ajar
entornar verbo transitivo to half-close
(una puerta, ventana) to leave ajar
' entornado' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
entornada

* * *

entornado, -a adj
[puerta, ventana] ajar; [ojos] half-closed
* * *

entornado, -da adj

entreabierto: half-closed, ajar

Spanish-English dictionary > entornado
12 entreabierto

adj.

half-open, ajar, half-closed, half-opened.

past part.

past participle of spanish verb: entreabrir.

* * *

entreabierto

► participio pasado

1→ link=entreabrir entreabrir

► adjetivo

1 (ojos etc) half-open; (puerta) ajar

* * *

1.

PP de entreabrir

2.

ADJ [gen] half-open; [puerta] ajar

* * *

- ta adjetivo < puerta> ajar, half-open; <ventana/ojos/boca> half-open

* * *

= half-opened, ajar.

Ex. The research and conclusions are published in full in the author's book 'The half-opened Door' = La investigación y las conclusiones se publicaron en su totalidad en el libro del autor "La puerta entreabierta".

Ex. To be born into a middle class family opens wide many educational and occupational doors which are scarcely ajar to others.

* * *

- ta adjetivo < puerta> ajar, half-open; <ventana/ojos/boca> half-open

* * *

= half-opened, ajar.

Ex: The research and conclusions are published in full in the author's book 'The half-opened Door' = La investigación y las conclusiones se publicaron en su totalidad en el libro del autor "La puerta entreabierta".

Ex: To be born into a middle class family opens wide many educational and occupational doors which are scarcely ajar to others.

* * *

entreabierto -ta

adjective

1 ‹puerta› ajar, half-open; ‹ventana› half-open

2 ‹ojos/boca› half-open

* * *

Del verbo entreabrir: ( conjugate entreabrir)

entreabierto es:

el participio

Multiple Entries:
entreabierto
entreabrir
entreabierto
◊ -ta adjetivo ‹ puerta› ajar, half-open;

‹ventana/ojos/boca› half-open
entreabrir ( conjugate entreabrir) verbo transitivo
to half-open
entreabierto,-a adjetivo half-opened
(puerta, ventana) ajar
' entreabierto' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
entreabierta
English:
ajar
- half-closed
- open
- half-

* * *

entreabierto, -a

♦ participio
ver entreabrir
♦ adj
[puerta] half-open, ajar; [ventana, ojos, boca] half-open;
dejó la puerta entreabierta he left the door half-open o ajar

* * *

entreabierto

I part → entreabrir

II adj half-open; puerta ajar

* * *

entreabierto pp entreabrir

entreabierto, -ta adj

entornado: half-open, ajar

Spanish-English dictionary > entreabierto
13 bürgerlich

bürgerlich
civil, civic, (Status) middle-class, common;
• bürgerliche Ehrenrechte civic rights;
• bürgerlicher Haushalt middle-class family;
• bürgerliches Jahr calendar year;
• bürgerliches Recht civil law;
• bürgerlicher Rechtsstreit civil action.

Business german-english dictionary > bürgerlich
14 bürgerlicher Haushalt

bürgerlicher Haushalt
middle-class family

Business german-english dictionary > bürgerlicher Haushalt
15 estrazione sf

[estrat'tsjone]
1) (vedi vb), extraction; mining; quarrying; drawing

2) (sorteggio) draw

3)

(fig : origine) essere di estrazione borghese — to come from a middle-class family

Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > estrazione sf
16 lower

I transitive verb
1) (let down) herab-/hinablassen; einholen [Flagge, Segel]

lower oneself into — hinuntersteigen in (+ Akk.) [Kanalschacht, Keller]

lower oneself into a chair — sich in einen Sessel sinken lassen

2) (reduce in height) senken [Blick]; niederschlagen [Augen]; absenken [Zimmerdecke]; auslassen [Saum]

3) (lessen) senken [Preis, Miete, Zins usw.]

4) (degrade) herabsetzen

lower oneself to do something — sich so weit erniedrigen, etwas zu tun

5) (weaken) schwächen; dämpfen [Licht, Stimme, Lärm]

lower one's voice — leiser sprechen; die Stimme senken (geh.)
II 1. comparative adjective
1) unter... [Nil, Themse usw., Atmosphäre]; Unter[jura, -devon usw., -arm, -lippe usw.]; Nieder[rhein, -kalifornien]

2) (in rank) unter...

lower mammals/plants — niedere Säugetiere/Pflanzen

the lower orders/classes — die Unterschichten/die unteren Klassen
2. comparative adverb
tiefer [sinken, hängen usw.]

* * *

verb

1) (to make or become less high: She lowered her voice.) senken

2) (to let down: He lowered the blinds.) herunterlassen

* * *

low·er¹

[ˈləʊəʳ, AM ˈloʊɚ]

I. adj inv

1. (less high) niedriger; (situated below) untere(r, s), Unter- hinab

in the \lower back im unteren Rücken

\lower deck of a coach unteres Deck; of a ship Unterdeck nt

\lower floor untere Etage

\lower jaw Unterkiefer m

\lower lip Unterlippe f

the \lower reaches of the ocean die tieferen Regionen des Ozeans

the L\lower Rhine GEOG der Niederrhein

2. (less in hierarchy) status, rank niedere(r, s), untere(r, s); animal niedere(r, s)

II. vt

1. (move downward)

▪ to \lower sth etw herunterlassen

▪ to \lower oneself:

she \lowered herself into a chair sie ließ sich auf einem Stuhl nieder

the miners \lowered themselves into the tunnel die Bergleute ließen sich in den Stollen hinunter

to \lower one's arm/hands den Arm/die Hände senken

to \lower one's eyes die Augen niederschlagen, den Blick senken

to \lower one's head den Kopf senken

to \lower a flag/the sails eine Fahne/die Segel einholen

to \lower the hem den Saum herauslassen

to \lower the landing gear das Fahrgestell ausfahren

to \lower a lifeboat NAUT ein Rettungsboot zu Wasser lassen [o aussetzen]

to \lower the periscope das Periskop einfahren

2. (decrease)

▪ to \lower sth etw verringern [o senken]

his crude jokes \lowered the tone of the evening seine derben Witze drückten das Niveau des Abends

to \lower one's expectations/sights seine Erwartungen/Ansprüche zurückschrauben

to \lower one's guard seine Deckung vernachlässigen

to \lower the heat die Temperatur zurückdrehen

to \lower interest rates die Zinssätze senken

to \lower prices/taxes die Preise/Steuern senken

to \lower the quality die Qualität mindern

to \lower one's voice seine Stimme senken

to \lower one's standards seine Anforderungen zurückschrauben

3. (demean)

▪ to \lower oneself sich akk erniedrigen

▪ to \lower oneself to do sth sich akk herablassen, etw zu tun

I wouldn't \lower myself to respond to his insults ich würde mich nicht auf sein Niveau begeben und auf seine Beleidigungen antworten

I'd never have expected him to \lower himself by stealing ich hätte nie gedacht, dass er so tief sinken könnte und stehlen würde

III. vi sinken; voice leiser werden

low·er²

[laʊəʳ, AM laʊr]

vi person ein finsteres Gesicht machen; light dunkler werden; sky sich akk verfinstern

▪ to \lower at sb jdn finster ansehen

* * *
I ['ləʊə(r)]
1. adj

1) (in height) niedriger; part, half, limb, storey, latitude untere(r, s); note tiefer; (GEOG) Nieder-

the Lower Rhine — der Niederrhein

lower leg/arm — Unterschenkel m/-arm m

lower abdomen — Unterleib m

the lower back — das Kreuz

lower jaw/lip — Unterkiefer m/-lippe

the lower reaches of the river — der Unterlauf des Flusses

the lower parts of the hill — die tiefer gelegenen Teile des Berges

the lower of the two holes — das untere der beiden Löcher

hemlines are lower this year — die Röcke sind dieses Jahr länger

the lower deck (of bus) — das untere Deck; (of ship) das Unterdeck

2) (in hierarchy) rank, level niedere(r, s); (ZOOL) animals niedere(r, s)

the lower classes (Sociol) — die unteren Schichten

a lower middle-class family — eine Familie aus der unteren Mittelschicht

the lower school — die unteren Klassen, die Unter- und Mittelstufe

See:

→ lower sixth (form)

2. adv
tiefer, leiser
lower down the mountain — weiter unten am Berg

lower down the list — weiter unten auf der Liste

3. vt

1) (= let down) boat, injured man, load herunterlassen; eyes, gun senken; mast umlegen; sail, flag einholen; bicycle saddle niedriger machen

to lower oneself — sich herunterlassen

he lowered himself into an armchair — er ließ sich in einen Sessel nieder

"lower the lifeboats!" —

"lower away!" — " holt ein!"

2) (= reduce) pressure, risk verringern; price, interest rates, cost, tone, temperature senken; morale, resistance schwächen; standard herabsetzen

lower your voice — sprich leiser

that is no excuse for lowering the standards of service — das ist keine Entschuldigung dafür, den Service zu verschlechtern

to lower oneself — sich hinunterlassen; (socially) sich unter sein Niveau begeben

to lower oneself to do sth — sich herablassen, etw zu tun

4. vi
sinken, fallen II ['laʊə(r)]
vi

See:

= academic.ru/43910/lour">lour

* * *

lower¹ [ˈlaʊə(r)] v/i

1. finster oder drohend blicken:

lower at sb jemanden finster oder drohend ansehen

2. a) sich (am Himmel) auftürmen (Wolken)

b) sich mit schwarzen Wolken überziehen (Himmel)

lower² [ˈləʊə(r)]

A v/t

1. eine Mauer etc niedriger machen

2. die Augen, den Gewehrlauf etc, auch die Stimme, den Preis, die Temperatur etc senken, das Wahlalter etc auch herabsetzen

3. fig erniedrigen:

lower o.s.

a) sich demütigen,

b) sich herablassen

4. abschwächen, mäßigen:

lower one’s hopes seine Hoffnungen herabschrauben

5. herunter-, herab-, niederlassen, FLUG das Fahrgestell ausfahren, eine Fahne, ein Segel niederholen, streichen; → flag¹ A 1

6. MUS (im Ton) erniedrigen

B v/i

1. niedriger werden (auch fig)

2. fig sinken, heruntergehen, fallen

lower³ [ˈləʊə(r)]

A komp von low¹ A

B adj

1. niedriger (auch fig):

a lower estimate eine niedrigere Schätzung

2. unter(er, e, es), Unter…:

lower court JUR untergeordnetes Gericht; → grade A 2, jaw A 1, lip A 1

3. GEOG Unter…, Nieder…:

Lower Austria Niederösterreich n

4. neuer, jünger (Datum):

of a lower date jüngeren Datums

5. BIOL nieder (Pflanzen etc)

* * *
I transitive verb
1) (let down) herab-/hinablassen; einholen [Flagge, Segel]

lower oneself into — hinuntersteigen in (+ Akk.) [Kanalschacht, Keller]

lower oneself into a chair — sich in einen Sessel sinken lassen

2) (reduce in height) senken [Blick]; niederschlagen [Augen]; absenken [Zimmerdecke]; auslassen [Saum]

3) (lessen) senken [Preis, Miete, Zins usw.]

4) (degrade) herabsetzen

lower oneself to do something — sich so weit erniedrigen, etwas zu tun

5) (weaken) schwächen; dämpfen [Licht, Stimme, Lärm]

lower one's voice — leiser sprechen; die Stimme senken (geh.)
II 1. comparative adjective
1) unter... [Nil, Themse usw., Atmosphäre]; Unter[jura, -devon usw., -arm, -lippe usw.]; Nieder[rhein, -kalifornien]

2) (in rank) unter...

lower mammals/plants — niedere Säugetiere/Pflanzen

the lower orders/classes — die Unterschichten/die unteren Klassen
2. comparative adverb
tiefer [sinken, hängen usw.]

* * *

adj.

ausfahren (Fahrgestell) adj.

klein adj.

unterer adj. v.

absenken (Grundwasserspiegel) v.

niederlassen v.

English-german dictionary > lower
17 Besancenot, Olivier

b 1974.

Chief spokesman and virtual leader of the NPA, the Nouveau Parti Anticapitaliste, a left-wing anti-capitalist party founded in early 2009. Prior to the founding of the NPA, Besancenot had been leader of the LCR Ligue Communiste Revolutionnaire party. Very telegenic and a good speaker, Besançenot is a popular guest on radio and TV talk shows. He ran in the presidential elections in both 2002 and 2007, and each time achieved over 4% of the vote. Eschewing labels, he simply describes himself as a "revolutionary", and can be described as a classic example of the French intellectual left. Born into a middle-class family, he achieved a postgraduate degree in modern history from the University of Paris, but works as a postman.

Dictionnaire Français-Anglais. Agriculture Biologique > Besancenot, Olivier
18 estrazione

sf [estrat'tsjone]
1) (vedi vb), extraction; mining; quarrying; drawing

2) (sorteggio) draw

3)

(fig : origine) essere di estrazione borghese — to come from a middle-class family

Nuovo dizionario Italiano-Inglese > estrazione
19 Caetano, Marcello José das Neves Alves

(19061980)

   Marcello Caetano, as the last prime minister of the Estado Novo, was both the heir and successor of Antônio de Oliveira Salazar. In a sense, Caetano was one of the founders and sustainers of this unusual regime and, at various crucial stages of its long life, Caetano's contribution was as important as Salazar's.

   Born in Lisbon in 1906 to a middle-class family, Caetano was a member of the student generation that rebelled against the unstable parliamentary First Republic and sought answers to Portugal's legion of troubles in conservative ideologies such as integralism, Catholic reformism, and the Italian Fascist model. One of the most brilliant students at the University of Lisbon's Law School, Caetano soon became directly involved in government service in various ministries, including Salazar's Ministry of Finance. When Caetano was not teaching full-time at the law school in Lisbon and influencing new generations of students who became critical of the regime he helped construct, Caetano was in important government posts and working on challenging assignments. In the 1930s, he participated in reforms in the Ministry of Finance, in the writing of the 1933 Constitution, in the formation of the new civil code, of which he was in part the author, and in the construction of corporativism, which sought to control labor-management relations and other aspects of social engineering. In a regime largely directed by academics from the law faculties of Coimbra University and the University of Lisbon, Caetano was the leading expert on constitutional law, administrative law, political science, and colonial law. A prolific writer as both a political scientist and historian, Caetano was the author of the standard political science, administrative law, and history of law textbooks, works that remained in print and in use among students long after his exile and death.

   After his apprenticeship service in a number of ministries, Caetano rose steadily in the system. At age 38, he was named minister for the colonies (1944 47), and unlike many predecessors, he "went to see for himself" and made important research visits to Portugal's African territories. In 1955-58, Caetano served in the number-three position in the regime in the Ministry of the Presidency of the Council (premier's office); he left office for full-time academic work in part because of his disagreements with Salazar and others on regime policy and failures to reform at the desired pace. In 1956 and 1957, Caetano briefly served as interim minister of communications and of foreign affairs.

   Caetano's opportunity to take Salazar's place and to challenge even more conservative forces in the system came in the 1960s. Portugal's most prominent law professor had a public falling out with the regime in March 1962, when he resigned as rector of Lisbon University following a clash between rebellious students and the PIDE, the political police. When students opposing the regime organized strikes on the University of Lisbon campus, Caetano resigned his rectorship after the police invaded the campus and beat and arrested some students, without asking permission to enter university premises from university authorities.

   When Salazar became incapacitated in September 1968, President Américo Tomás named Caetano prime minister. His tasks were formidable: in the midst of remarkable economic growth in Portugal, continued heavy immigration of Portuguese to France and other countries, and the costly colonial wars in three African colonies, namely Angola, Guinea- Bissau, and Mozambique, the regime struggled to engineer essential social and political reforms, win the wars in Africa, and move toward meaningful political reforms. Caetano supported moderately important reforms in his first two years in office (1968-70), as well as the drafting of constitutional revisions in 1971 that allowed a slight liberalization of the Dictatorship, gave the opposition more room for activity, and decentrali zed authority in the overseas provinces (colonies). Always aware of the complexity of Portugal's colonial problems and of the ongoing wars, Caetano made several visits to Africa as premier, and he sought to implement reforms in social and economic affairs while maintaining the expensive, divisive military effort, Portugal's largest armed forces mobilization in her history.

   Opposed by intransigent right-wing forces in various sectors in both Portugal and Africa, Caetano's modest "opening" of 1968-70 soon narrowed. Conservative forces in the military, police, civil service, and private sectors opposed key political reforms, including greater democratization, while pursuing the military solution to the African crisis and personal wealth. A significant perspective on Caetano's failed program of reforms, which could not prevent the advent of a creeping revolution in society, is a key development in the 1961-74 era of colonial wars: despite Lisbon's efforts, the greater part of Portuguese emigration and capital investment during this period were directed not to the African colonies but to Europe, North America, and Brazil.

   Prime Minister Caetano, discouraged by events and by opposition to his reforms from the so-called "Rheumatic Brigade" of superannuated regime loyalists, attempted to resign his office, but President Américo Tomás convinced him to remain. The publication and public reception of African hero General Antônio Spinola's best-selling book Portugal e Futuro (Portugal and the Future) in February 1974 convinced the surprised Caetano that a coup and revolution were imminent. When the virtually bloodless, smoothly operating military coup was successful in what became known as the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Caetano surrendered to the Armed Forces Movement in Lisbon and was flown to Madeira Island and later to exile in Brazil, where he remained for the rest of his life. In his Brazilian exile, Caetano was active writing important memoirs and histories of the Estado Novo from his vantage point, teaching law at a private university in Rio de Janeiro, and carrying on a lively correspondence with persons in Portugal. He died at age 74, in 1980, in Brazil.

    See also Empire, Portuguese overseas.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Caetano, Marcello José das Neves Alves
20 Guterres, António Manuel de

(1949-)

Socialist Party leader, engineer, and politician, prime minister of Portugal (19952002). Born in Lisbon in a lower-middle-class family with roots in Beira Alta district (central Portugal), Guterres was trained as an electrical engineer and physicist. In his twenties, he abandoned academic pursuits to enter politics and was active in the university Catholic youth movement. Following the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Guterres became active in the Socialist Party (PS) leadership and joined several administrations' ministries during provisional governments (1974-75). From 1976 to 1983, he was an elected deputy for the Assembly of the Republic and was reelected to the same body as a deputy in 1985, serving until 1988. In the late 1980s, he reached the top rungs of the PS leadership. He directed the PS's electoral campaign of 1987. When the PS defeated the Social Democratic Party (PSD) in both the general legislative elections of 1995 and 1999, Guterres was named and served as prime minister.

Following the PSD's defeat of the PS in the December 2001 municipal elections, Guterres unexpectedly resigned as chief of the PS and became a caretaker prime minister as President Jorge Sampaio called for parliamentary elections in March 2002. Guterres was replaced as PS leader and candidate for prime minister by Ferro Rodrigues. In the 17 March 2002 elections, the PSD defeated the PS, but only by a slim margin. Guterres left the premiership and withdrew from active politics.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Guterres, António Manuel de

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